Hydrogen as a fuel pdf

The fuel processor converts the natural gas, through the process of reformation, into a hydrogenrich gas composed primarily of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. A durable fuel cell power system including hydrogen storage that achieves 60% energy efficiency when operating at peak power and that offers a 325 wkg power density and 220 wl operating on hydrogen. Hydrogen fuel cell technology represents one of the. Currently, drivers of lightduty fuel cell electric vehicles fcevs can fuel up at retail stations in less than 5 minutes and obtain a driving range of more than 300 miles.

The hydrogen council is a global initiative of leading energy, transport and industry companies with a united vision and longterm ambition for hydrogen to foster the energy transition. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle market statistics, trends. Because hydrogen does not exist freely in nature and is only produced from other sources of energy, it is known as an energy carrier. Despite its abundance in the universe, hydrogen does not occur freely on earth, as it reacts very readily with other elements. Nrel serves as the energy departments showcase for cuttingedge fuel cell cars. Hydrogen fuel deployments around the world have proven fuel cell electric buses can be fueled safely and efficiently in the depot. Hydrogen h 2 is an alternative fuel that can be produced from diverse domestic resources. There are a number of uses for hydrogen as a fuel for transport applications. With time, the fuel molecule has become smaller, leaner in carbon, and richer in hydrogen. In its purest form, hydrogen is a nontoxic colorless and odorless gas. Since renewable energy sources solar, wind, andor biomass are available in all parts of the world, all countries will have access to hydrogen fuel. Our future move is expected to be to hydrogen, which has the potential to solve both the environmental hazards faced by humankind. This concept is based on the principle that hydrogen can be employed as a potential fuel and is considered to be an energy carrier.

However, in fuel cell vehicles, such as the 2009 honda fcx clarity, 1. This calls for immediate actions to promote greenhouse gas emissionsfree energy sources such as renewable energy sources, alternative fuels for transport and. It has been considered as a promising candidate for an environmentally friendly source of alternative energy to the conventional fossil fuels in meeting the worlds demand 19. In general, the volume available for fuel tanks is limited, not only in automotive applications. Hydrogen economy is a concept that was proposed by professor john bockris in 1970, although it was proposed earlier by j. A fuel cell is a device that generates electrical power through a chemical reaction by converting a fuel hydrogen into electricity. Deployment of sufficient fueling infrastructure for the coming zev fleet is a necessary first step, as recognized by the passage of assembly bill 8 in 20. Hydrogen as an alternative fuel oregon state university. This particular unit incorporates a fuel processor so that natural gas can be used as a fuel. Hydrogen is one of lowercarbon fuels currently used in california. Neither the european commission nor any person acting. When run on hydrogenrich reformate gas mixtures, some harmful emissions result although they are. Safety planning for hydrogen and fuel cell projects.

Hydrogen as engine fuel free download as powerpoint presentation. Nuclear energy can be used to make hydrogen electrolytically, and in the future hightemperature reactors are likely to be used. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, though it is not found naturally on earth. Hydrogen use in vehicles is a major focus of fuel cell research and development. Fuel cell electric buses for zeroemission public transit. Hydrogen fuel is a new kind of renewable and clean energy. Kathy ayers, monjid hamdan, kevin harrison a a approved by.

The gravimetric higher heating value hhv 4 of a fuel gas are of little relevance for practical applications. This is a big improvement over internal combustion. Hydrogen energy and fuel cells a vision of our future 05 h ydrogen and fuel cells are seen by many as key solutions for the 21st century, enabling clean efficient production of power and heat from a range of primary energy sources. A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical potential energy energy stored in molecular bonds into electrical energy. This paper examines the use of carbonfree electrolytic hydrogen as a motor vehicle fuel and as a fuel for fuel. Yet with more reactive hydrogen added, the likelihood of flashback increases. Consequently, hydrogen is the lightest gas, about 8 times lighter than methane representing natural gas. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles climate techbook 3lack of any ghg emissions and few other air pollutants during vehicle operation and the potential for very low or no upstream ghg emissions associated with hydrogen fuel production. Wysseraotell i rect, carried out with power produced with a high share of renewables in electricity generation ensuring the decarbonisation. Although hydrogen is in its infancy in the market as a transportation fuel, government and industry are working toward clean, economical, and safe hydrogen production and distribution for widespread use in fuel cell electric vehicles fcevs. Deficits created by fuels that exceed the mandated ci must be offset with credits generated by lower ci fuels. Consequently less of the combustion chamber can be occupied by air. Pdf using hydrogen as gas turbine fuel researchgate.

Technically, the two chemicals do not have to be hydrogen and oxygen. Although fuel cells and batteries are both considered electrochemical cells and consist of similar structure, fuel cells require a continuous source of fuel and oxygen to run. Van vorst, frano barbir encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 1960s led to renewed interest and usage of fuel cells and the use of hydrogen therein. Unesco eolss sample chapters energy carriers and conversion systems vol. As a result, current low emission systems that rely on careful fuel air mixing e. For future energy security and environmental concerns other gases like biogas and hydrogen gas are likely to be used. Hydrogen produced by electrolysis using hydro or nucleargenerated electricity will be available in canada at prices competitive with other portable forms of energy before the end of the century. The products of the reaction in the cell are water, electricity, and heat. Transport and the hydrogen economy world nuclear association. Hydrogen production cost from pem electrolysis 2019 originators.

Model analysis validated in field experiment testing. Types of fuel cells fuel cell type electrolyte anode gas cathode gas temp oc efficiency % proton ex membrane pem solid polymer membrane hydrogen pure or atm oxygen 75 35 60 alkaline afc potassium hydroxide hydrogen pure oxygen hydrogen evolves at the cathode and oxygen at the anode as the water is broken into its constituent elements by electrolysis. Clean energy technology network, paul lucchese iea hydrogen tcp and capenergies and. Tim karlsson the international partnership for hydrogen and fuel cells in the economy, iphe. A pem proton exchange membrane cell uses hydrogen gas h 2 and oxygen gas o 2 as fuel. The energyperunitweight advantage a factor of 3 over gasoline or any other hydrocarbon fuel makes liquid. Local hydrogen networks could also be used to fuel conventional or fuel cell vehicles. The focus of this study is the issue of sustainable mobility through fuel cells and hydrogen h2. Fuel of the future rachel chamousis abstract hydrogen is an energy carrier that can transform our fossilfuel dependent economy into a hydrogen economy, which can provide an emissionsfree transportation fuel. The last major move was to methane, which is a much cleaner burn than gasoline. However, in fuel cell vehicles, such as the 2009 honda fcx clarity, 1 kg provides about 68 miles of travel 3. It can be used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines. The only moving parts in a h 2 fuel cell are the fuels.

The interest in hydrogen as a transportation fuel is based on its potential for domestic production and use in fuel cells for high efficiency, zeroemission electric vehicles. A presentation on how better hydrogen can be over traditional petroleum based products in ic engines. Federal transit administration, this course manual features technical information on the use of hydrogen as a transportation fuel. Hydrogen can be produced from fossil, nuclear, and renewable resources, thus encouraging diversity in the nations energy supplies. A typical fuel cell works by passing hydrogen through the anode of a fuel cell and oxygen through the cathode. Hydrogen is an energy carrier that can be used in internal combustion engines or fuel cells producing virtually no greenhouse gas emissions when combusted. It is a cleanburning fuel, and when combined with oxygen in a fuel cell, hydrogen produces heat and electricity with only water vapor as a. Next step maritime fuel cell generator will be field tested at scripps institution of. Hydrogen has the highest energy content of any common fuel by weight about three times more than gasoline, but it has the lowest energy content by volume about four times less than gasoline.

Hydrogen fuel cell technology for the sustainable future of. Next step maritime fuel cell generator will be field tested at scripps institution of oceanography in. It covers hydrogen properties, use, and safety as well as fuel cell technologies, systems, engine design, safety, and maintenance. Nrel facilitates installment of advanced hydrogen fuel station in washington, d. Produced by college of the desert and sunline transit agency with funding from the u. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles require fueling at intervals comparable to a gasoline powered vehicle.

A fuel cell is two to three times more efficient than an internal combustion engine running on gasoline. Since hydrogen is a gaseous fuel at ambient conditions it displaces more of the combustion chamber than a liquid fuel. The molecules of fuel are hydrogen h 2 and oxygen o 2 color the h2 red and the o2 blue in the fuel cell diagram. Tools portal some of the fire officials and hydrogen experts. In the1960s, international fuel cells in windsor connecticut developed a fuel cell power. Fuel cells do not need to be periodically recharged like batteries, but instead continue to produce electricity as long as a fuel source is provided. How clean are hydrogen fuel fact sheet cell electric vehicles. Sunita satyapal introduction fy 2019 annual progress report 2 doe hydrogen and fuel cells program. The membrane allows only the protons to pass through it. Hydrogen fuel allows zero emission transit without requiring grid strengthening. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and heat as its byproduct. Nrel, sandia team to improve hydrogen fueling infrastructure. In the united states, fuel cell cars seem all but dead, vanquished.

Hydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies course manual. The use of hydrogen in the production of transport fuels from crude oil is increasing rapidly. The use of liquid hydrogen as a longterm replacement for hydrocarbon fuel for land and air transportation seems technically feasible. It can be produced from abundant fossil fuels such as coal without unde sirable co.

Hydrogen fuel is a zeroemission fuel burned with oxygen. Furthermore, the cost of burning fossil fuels to generate electricity for electrolysis is three to five times that of reforming the hydrogen directly from the fossil fuel. When we think of hydrogen and mobility, fuel cell electric vehicles. Current uses in the united kingdom and abroad include buses, taxis, passenger cars, vans, scooters, forklift trucks, boats and ferries. Even the production of hydrogen gas can be emissionsfree with the use of renewable energy sources. This fueling activity will likely require vehicle owners and operators to operate fueling equipment, although in some states all fueling is conducted by fueling station personnel. Dominated as it is by fossil fuels oil, gas and coal, our current energy system has left a dual threat hovering over our environment, exposing the planet to the. Before the h 2 and o 2 can join to become water h 2o the molecules must be pulled apart. Advantages of hydrogen as a fuel hydrogen fuel cells play an important role in providing power and storing them. Nrel uses fuel cells to increase the range of battery electric vehicles. Launched during the 2017 world economic forum in davos, the growing coalition of ceos have the ambition to. At stoichiometric conditions, hydrogen dis places about 30% of the combustion chamber, compared to about 1 to 2% for gasoline. Hydrogen as a fuel gas generating hydrogen fuel gas for flame ionization detectors in gas chromatography market application publication generates a continuous supply of 99.

The hype about hydrogen offers a hypefree explanation of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, takes a hard look at the practical difficulties of transitioning to a hydrogen economy, and reveals. A range of standard solutions exists today to deliver or produce, store and dispense hydrogen at transit bus depots. Using hydrogen as gas turbine fuel article pdf available in journal of engineering for gas turbines and power 1271 january 2005 with 4,808 reads how we measure reads. Hydrogen is widely seen as a future transport fuel, in the short term, hybrid electric vehicles have potential to increase the demand for baseload power from grid systems. As for the hydrogen being odorless and undetectable, this can be offset to some extent by the addition of odorants to hydrogen fuel, giving the hydrogen an artificial yet detectable smell. Yet several key hurdles must be overcome before the introduction of fcvs on a large scale can become possible. The new chemistry of fuel cells g e tty imag e s hydrogen ions are formed when electrons are removed from h2. Hydrogen as engine fuel internal combustion engine. An effective project safety plan is essential to identify risks, avoid potential incidents, and guide the safe conduct of all work related to the development and operation of hydrogen and fuel cell equipment. Most substances will change from one of these states to another depending on the temperature and pressure of their surroundings. An inhouse hydrogen generator is completely automatic and requires a minimum of maintenance. Jun 14, 2019 hydrogen, which has been touted as the fuel of the future much of the past five decades, may finally be on the verge of converting its potential to reality. As stated earlier, fuel cells can function as a power backup storage for large and small scale power grids, moreover, fuel cells can provide electrical power for remote locations. One clear trend in demand on power generation systems like gas turbines is the increasing need for fuel flexibility.

Hydrogen fueling infrastructure california air resources board. By contrast, in higher alkanes such as petrol and diesel fuel the carbonhydrogen ratio is. Paving the way for hydrogen fuel cell electric cars significant growth in zev deployment over the coming decades is necessary to meet the states climate and air quality goals. Introduction fuel is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner.

Hydrogen fuel has different sources the carbon emissions associated with hydrogen fuel production depend on the source of hydrogen typically, natural gas or water, the process used to extract it. Hydrogen can be producedseparatedfrom a variety of sources including water, fossil fuels, or biomass and used as a source of energy or fuel. As the hydrogen disperses the odorant wont necessarily travel with it, but youll be able to determine that a hydrogen leak has occurred and take. Most substances will change from one of these states to another depending on the temperature and pressure of. Hydrogen when used as a fuel, like electricity, is. Hydrogen, when used in a fuel cell to provide electricity, is an emissionsfree alternative fuel produced from diverse energy sources.

Hydrogen energy and fuel cells european commission europa eu. A fuel cell is composed of an anode, cathode, and an electrolyte membrane. It is an ideal fuel from the standpoint of a completely cyclic system, serving as a working substance in a closed chemical and thermodynamic cycle. Hydrogen fuel is an ecofriendly fuel which uses electrochemical cells, or combustion in internal engines, to power vehicles and electric devices. A transition to hydrogen as a major fuel in the next 50 years could fundamentally transform the u. Hydrogen powered cars also have the advantage of being able to cover long distances, and only take a few. Hydrogen production is the first fundamental pre condition of a hydrogen power plant, and four decarbonised hydrogen production paths are identified here see also figure 3. Fueling a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle requires approximately five.